Exclusionary Rule Essay

The exclusionary rule is a legal procedure in the United States, which falls under the constitution. It protects citizens of the country in making sure that law enforcement officers are operating lawfully and that they abide by all search and seizure laws. It goes so far to protect the citizens of The United States that if a law enforcement officer illegally obtains evidence it can and most likely will be thrown out of the court. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the exclusionary rule, exploring its fallacies and importance while also including the history and evolution of the controversial exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule is a very important legal principle in the United States and is crucial to keeping law enforcement and the judicial system in a fair balance with accordance to the United States Constitution. The exclusionary rule was never even thought about or existed until the early 20th century. Samaha (2012) states that before the exclusionary rule ever existed the only remedy for constitutional violations involving the exclusionary rule were private lawsuits. The framers of the constitution had it in their mind that judges would just handle each case as they see fitting to the nature of the situation. However this seemed not to work for quite  some time as there was a police misunderstanding of the 4th and 5th amendments figuratively speaking. It wasn’t until 1914 when citizens of the United States began to receive their liberty back piece by piece. In the case of _Weeks v U.S.,_ federal officials raided his house in order to obtain evidence in a gambling case against Freemont Weeks. They had no warrant and no right to be in his house to seize any  of his possessions. So Freemont appealed and he won, in a way. The Supreme Court ruled to give back his belongings. They did not return contraband and this rule only applied to the federal law enforcement. Which is why this is the first hint of a trend towards a prominent and well known exclusionary rule. There was many Judges and government officials who still refused to side with Justice Edward White in the case of Freemont Weeks. For example, in the case of _People v. Defore_ Judge Cardozo mad his opinion very well-known and famous. According to Kamisar (2003) in the _People v. Defore_ case Judge Cardozo boasts his opinion very loudly and clearly stating that he would not adopt the exclusionary rule within New York. Kamisar (2003) then goes on to quote Judge Cardozo: â€Å"excluding illegally seized evidence was not the only effective way to enforce the Fourth Amendment†. Cardozo was not the last Judge or Justice to disagree with the new trend. The next case to disagree with Cardozo and many other opposing Judges would have to be _Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S._ (1920). Justice Department officers and a U.S. Marshall entered the lumber company’s office and illegally obtained all of the company’s documents. They then went on to make photo copies and subpoenaed the Silverthornes. When they refused to follow court orders they were taken into custody for contempt of court. Samaha (2012) states that â€Å"According to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the government’s search and seizure ‘was an outrage'†. This case expanded the exclusionary rule introducing the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine. This doctrine bans the use of evidence indirectly based on an illegal government  action. Even after multiple court cases ruled in favor of the exclusionary many state legislatures still were not in agreement with the [exclusionary] rule. Some legislatures found ways around the fourth amendment. In the case of _Coolidge v. New Hampshire_ New Hampshire’s legislature was challenged on their warrant issuing practices. According to Lynch (2000) New Hampshire law was very controversial in the manner of how warrants were issued. The warrant-issuing power was vested in the Justice of the Peace. Now judges must issue warrants; but in the past it was very prominent for Justices of the Peace to fulfill this duty. In New Hampshire they vested the Justice of the Peace within the executive branch of the government. In other words, according to Lynch (2000) the â€Å"police officers had subverted the Fourth Amendment by issuing search warrants to themselves†. The Supreme Court ruled that New Hampshire’s practices were unconstitutional because the executive branch was issuing warrants to themselves. This practice was very opposing to the idea of checks and balances. This court case was a very historical one in which ruled in application with the separation of powers doctrine. It also further supported the exclusionary rule. One of the biggest cases in the history of the United States and the biggest turning point for the exclusionary rule was in the case of _Mapp v. Ohio._ In this case officers forcibly entered Miss Mapp’s home without a search warrant or consent and provided a false warrant. Before this case not all states adopted the exclusionary rule. In the dissent by Harlan, Frankfurter, and Whittaker (1961) they stated that the â€Å"_Weeks_ exclusionary rule should also be enforced against the states†. Lafave (2009) also touches on the case quoting the courts statements: â€Å"[A]ll evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court†. Estreicher, S. and Weick, D. P. (2010) make an extremely valid  and important point; stressing that the exclusionary rule is â€Å"constitutionally required because it was the ‘only effective available way’ to enforce the constitutional guarantyâ⠂¬ . This case is so historically significant because of this ruling. Finally, nearly 50 years after the _Weeks_ case, the exclusionary rule applied to all states. Even though the rule applied to all states we still did not have every aspect of the rule covered. The ‘Knock and Announce’ rule was always under controversy as to if the exclusionary rule was applicable in such situations. It wasn’t until _Hudson v. Michigan_ when the courts clarified the issue. The police had a warrant to enter _Hudson’s_ home and when they knocked and announced their presence they waited a mere three to five seconds before entering the premise. Hudson appealed stating his fourth amendment rights were violated because the officers did not follow ‘Knock and Announce’ procedures. His evidence was suppressed, but later the appeal was reversed by Michigan Court of Appeals. According to Justice Scalia the waiting period of the officers had no connection to the discovery of the illegal drugs and weapons. Because of this case the ‘Knock and Announce Rule’ was clarified by stating that the rule did not have any interest in preventing the government from taking evidence described in a warrant. Tomkovicz (2008) believes that this case was intended to further the restrictions on the exclusionary rule. I have to agree with Tomkovicz in this statement. Gittins (2007) also makes a valid argument in concerning the argument. He [Gittins] states that during the night hours residents will have a longer period of time in which they will be able to open the door. However the courts have found that very short periods of time (five seconds) can be â€Å"reasonable wait times†. Courts are still in the process of clarifying the exclusionary rule; although _Hudson v. Michigan_ added some amount of clarity to the issue. Lastly, and the most recent court case concerning the exclusionary rule is _Herring v. U.S._ in which a recalled arrest warrant was executed  accidently. The Coffee County Sheriff’s Department were executing a warrant in which the county clerk found to be accurate. Upon arrest they soon learned the warrant was recalled some five months ago. Herring moved to suppress the evidence on the motion that his warrant was rescinded. Josephson (2009) states that the courts generally exclude the exclusionary rule when there are negligent errors amongst recordkeeping. The court denied Herring’s motion for suppression because of the Good Faith Clause established in _U.S. v. Leon._ This is a significant case because of how it furthered the interpretation of the exclusionary rule. Josephson (2009) explains how this case interpreted the exclusionary rule’s main goal which is â€Å"the deterrence of unconstitutional police conduct†. Therefore by the police unknowingly executing what they thought to be an accurate warrant left the evidence applicable in courts. The exclusionary rule is intended to keep law enforcement and federal officials in check with the constitution. But often there is the controversial topic of whether or not the framers of the constitution intended for such a rule. The framers never had any motion to include an â€Å"exclusionary rule† into the fourth amendment. However, Geller (1975) makes an excellent observation stating that the framers didn’t provide any remedies for a violation of the fourth amendment. Which brings me to my next topic of the controversy. Because the framers left no remedies for violations of the fourth amendment, the courts were left to create the exclusionary rule to deter law enforcement from violating citizen’s rights. Many argue  that this does not effectively deter officers. Geller (1975) argues that there is no significant evidence to support such claims. Geller (1975) also comments on alternatives declaring that â€Å"Until data [is] available concerning the effect of these alternatives, it is impossible to state with any degree of certainty that these alternatives are either more effective or less effective than the exclusionary rule.† The last major issue I found in Geller’s (1975) journal came from a group called Americans for Effective Law Enforcement (AELE). They seem to believe the exclusionary rule is no longer necessary due to the high degree of police professionalism. AELE believe police violations are unintentional and because of their high degree of professionalism they act in â€Å"Good Faith†. Therefore petty mistakes allow evidence to be excluded and free criminals. Until there is a significant study that entails multiple well rounded solutions to the exclusionary rule; I do not see any possible alternatives. The exclusionary rule was created almost one hundred years ago. The rule will continue to be reformed and transformed as time goes on. Although there may be a substantial argument pertaining to the issue, we need the exclusionary rule. Undoubtedly the rule has an abundance of justifications compared to its fallacies. It was stated loud and clear by the framers some two hundred years ago what rights we as American people possess. The exclusionary rule is a major backbone of the judicial system of our country, it maintains the system of checks and balances keeping the American people’s rights prevalent and intact. The exclusionary rule is in working order, being reformed every day to protect our civil liberty and keep the integrity of our constitution set out by our own framers. Bibliography Estreicher, S. and Weick, D. P. (2010) Opting for a legislative alternative to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule. UMKC Law Review. 78, 949. Gittins, J. (2007). Excluding the exclusionary rule. Brigham Young University Law Review, 2007, 451-481. Josephson, M. (2009). To exclude or not to exclude: The future of the exclusionary rule after Herring v. United States. Creighton Law Review, 43, 175-203. Kamisar, Y. (2003). In defense of the search and seizure exclusionary rule. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 26(1), 119. Lafave, W. (2009). Recent developments: The smell of Herring: A critique of the Supreme Court’s latest assault on the exclusionary rule. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 99(3), 757-787. Lynch, T. (2000). In defense of the exclusionary rule. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy, 23(3), 711. Samaha, J. (2012). Criminal procedure (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth. Tomkovicz, J. (2008). Hudson v. Michigan and the Future of Fourth Amendment Exclusion Iowa Law Review, 93. Retrieved October 29, 2013, from http://www.law.uiowa.edu/documents/ilr/to Bibliography Geller W. ,Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule and Its Alternatives, 1975 Wash. U. L. Q. 621 (1975).

Listening skills Essay

Some of the commonly believed myths about communication are that â€Å"we communicate only when we want to, words mean the same to me and you, the best communication is a one way message.† Some effective barriers to communication are distractions, differences in background, emotions, stress, prejudice, personality differences, all of these have an effect on communication. The three essential parts of effective speaking are getting your listener’s attention, obtain the listeners interest, communicate your purpose for speaking. It is imperative to improve your listening skills because it is an essential trait to have in the business field. Half of your time is spent listening to employees, listening to instructions, and also listening to what guest want. You can improve your listening just like improving anything else listening may be the most important skill to success. One is always improving on their listening skills. Workplace civility is important because you need a peaceful environment not everyone jumping at each other’s throat or making fun of each other. Also you need somewhere that you feel comfortable at somewhere that you actually want to go if you are afraid to go to work than most people won’t go. The boss should deal with it if he hears that employees are making fun of each other or harassing each other and not just sit back Personally I never dealt with workplace civility because I only deal with kids and their parents but I had friends who had dealt with it that had workers make fun of them or would say stuff about the way they did stuff. If this happen if I was manager I would take the employee aside and say that I’m the only one that gets to tell someone I don’t like what they’re doing not them. Also be a good role model for good manners. If the boss is rough and mean, then everyone else has an excuse for also being rough and mean. If the boss is polite and encouraging, everyone else will likely follow in the boss’ footsteps. Teach civility to everyone in the workplace. Offer training on good manners and ways to show respect to colleagues.

Comparison of two readings on terrorism. Links to each article is Essay

Comparison of two readings on terrorism. Links to each article is attached in instructions - Essay Example For instance, Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) group of India suffered from its close association with Pakistan (Carter, 2012). To illustrate this fact, the author uses data collected on 648 terrorist and insurgent groups that were in existence between 1968 and 2006 globally. The results show that although such sponsorship helps to supply the group with much needed resources, this has a negative effect on the group. Based on the results, the author concludes that a terrorist group with a sponsor does not help to avoid elimination. In addition, sponsorship with a safe haven increases the likelihood of internal wrangles. As a policy implication, the author asserts that forceful elimination of such groups becomes relevant as they age. In the article by Lyle Pienaar (2008) focuses on state sponsored terrorism in Africa, focusing on the case of Libya and Sudan. In the article, the author begins by defining state-sponsored terrorism, which mainly involves acts of violence against non-combatants for social or political gain. According to the author, this form of terrorism is the most dangerous due to the funding, training, intelligence and firepower provided by the state. The author further names the countries identified by the United States as the state sponsors of terrorism and the measures that have taken against them. Such countries include Syria, Cuba and South Korea. The article also discusses the historical roots of the international and state sponsored terrorism in Africa, which became a major issue in the late 1960s. More importantly, the author notes that during the post-Cold War period, terrorist activities became rampant in Africa, and were conducted by either groups seeking political independence and oth er domestic agenda or groups forming part of a bigger global terrorist organization. One of the two African countries highlighted in the article for their state sponsorship

Evaluation of the company's strategy Assignment

Evaluation of the company's strategy - Assignment Example While doing this, the study has made use of Ansoff matrix and BCG matrix. In addition, the study has also critically evaluated the organisation's strategy in terms of its suitability, acceptability, feasibility and sustainability. The key findings of the study were that certain segments of company are witnessing low market share and low growth rate. Hence, in order to overcome this issue, the company has been recommended product development strategy. The external audit has also shown that the company is yet to make an online presence, thus, the company has again been suggested to launch an online store to boost up sales. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Analysis and critical evaluation of the organisation's strategic position 4 Analysis of the organisation's strategic direction 6 Critical evaluation of the organisation's strategy 8 Conclusions and Recommendation 9 Reference List 10 Appendix 11 Introduction The success of any good organization is based on the measu res that are laid by the stakeholders of the firm (Gilmore, 2003). In the business world, the strategy of the firm plays a fundamental role in the achievement of its objective. In the commercial setting, the principal aims of a company usually revolve around making profits, embrace growth and expansion and most importantly, diversification (Garrick, 2011). The aforementioned factors are the keys for the achievement of success in an industry that is flourishing. Most of the companies that have experienced success in the market have either followed a strategy that has been functioning properly for a number of years or with the ability to adapt to the changing environment (Alkhafaji, 2003). However, proper management is one of the main activities that help companies to realize its objectives and is thus deemed as a determinant (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2009). Reports have shown that business strategies have continuously been performing commendable jobs in ascertaining success withi n the organization. Hence, the above discussion has made it evident that strategy is one of the four pillars of a business venture and the backbone supporting and guiding the operations of a firm (Davis, 2008). In this report, the strategy adopted or pursued by the company, Morrison Supermarkets Plc., will be evaluated. In the last assignment, environmental audit of the company had been carried out, but this project deals with the evaluation of the strategies being pursued by the company. This report seeks to investigate and critically analyse the organisation's strategic position along with its strategic direction, with a clear identification of the methods by which the organisation has been pursuing its strategy. While doing this portion, the study will make use of Ansoff matrix and BCG matrix. In addition, the study will also critically evaluate the organisation's strategy in terms of its suitability, acceptability, feasibility and sustainability. Lastly, on the basis of the find ings, a conclusion to the study will be drawn. Analysis and critical evaluation of the organisation's strategic position In the first assignment, critical analysis of Morrison’s internal and external business environment has been carried in order to identify the position of the company within the firm. The external and internal environment of the company was carried out with the help of PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis

This assignment is for a book review, not simply a book report. You Essay

This assignment is for a book review, not simply a book report. You will be expected to analyze and critique the book in additi - Essay Example Because of its stark telling of events, and its refusal to shy away from the darker moments of American history, the book Coming of Age in Mississippi should be required reading for anybody who wants to really understand what it was like for America to arrive at a time when people are more or less treated equally. The book is organized into four different sections, each one of which tells about a different time in Moody's life. There is one for her childhood, one for high school, one for when she was in college, and the last section is about her time in the civil rights movement trying to get the vote and other rights for African-Americans. Moody's childhood was not exactly happy, as her mother was poor and her abusive father left them. She had to work from an early age after school just so her family could afford food. In high school, things do not get much better as one of the boys she knows is killed by the Klu Klux Klan and she has to continue working, often for white people who do not treat her much better than they would treat a slave. Because of all this harsh treatment in her youth, Moody shows that she started to get way too interested in things like the KKK and lynchings and racial inequality. Many of her friends and family did not like this in her and that made things even more stressful. Moody was able to get a scholarship to play basketball in college and so is able to get a good higher education. It is during her college years that she decides to join the NAACP, which only makes her relationship with her family worse. This is because she and her family all start to receive threats from the various white people they know. The last part of the book is kind of redeeming and depressing at the same time. Moody joins the civil rights movement and goes to rural parts of the south to try and convince African-Americans to register to vote so they can get treated equally. Interestingly even here Moody is seen as sometimes too serious, and she does not neces sarily get along all the time with the other people in the movement. The end of the book is the most depressing part. Moody is on a bus going to Washington with a bunch of other activists and while they sing about how they shall eventually overcome oppression, she does not join in. She thinks of the violence and hatred in the south, and wonders if it will ever be over and if the movement will ever really have succeeded at what it set out to do by trying to get equality. The book Coming of Age in Mississippi, despite its depressing ending and much of the distressing events in it, really moved me as a person. I think of all the violence that African-Americans had to endure here in America, and it makes me mad. It’s especially disturbing to me since I am from middle-class white Texas and have also lived in Mississippi. While I would like to think my neighbors would not be the same as the people in the book if they had lived in the time period Moody writes about it is impossible to know for sure. I’m sure that some African-Americans who live in the south today are still treated unequally, although I hope not to the same degree as in the book. Although I do think the book does a good job of showing the darker side of events, I feel like there is not really very much about the good things. I think it would have been

Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Design - Assignment Example It will be a two-day program whereby the lessons will run from 8:00am to 3:00pm daily. It will be a two-day program whereby the lessons will run from 8:00am to 3:00pm daily. For these two days, the above stated units will be taught. On day one, 8:00 to 8:30am will be for exchanging introductions. Course documents will run from 8:30 to 9:00am. Choices for creating a questionnaire or survey form and creating a document will run from 9:00 to 10:00am. Review of Adobe Acrobat and creating a sample form, on the other hand, will run from 10:10 to 12:00 after the 10 minutes break. The first day will end at 3:00pm after examining the achievements and failures of the day. The parties involved will also review and repeat crucial steps in order to remember the process. This will take place from 1:00 to 3:00pm. My goal is to assist student create an Interactive PDF. They should be able to review different software programs, use adobe acrobat professional software and review minor technical errors when utilizing adobe acrobat (Sypowicz, 2010). My testing strategies will be how students determine adequate software, how efficient they are when using Adobe Acrobat and noting errors to the system among others. The whole process will cost the institution roughly $1500. This is taking into consideration the salaries, supplies, equipment, food, printing and travelling fee. Salaries might amount up to $625. Supplies and equipment, on the other hand, would amount to $250. The rest would be used in food supplies, printing of material, as well as travelling. However, the benefits of this course surpass the high cost of the course. After training is complete, participants will be happy about their fresh skill and knowledge concerning Adobe Acrobat Software. Knowing participants are no longer reliant on other members of an organization, or colleagues to make

Peer Review for Classmate Research Proposal - Peer 2 Essay

Peer Review for Classmate Research Proposal - Peer 2 - Essay Example Possibly, mentioning the best time period for emailing could have positively impacted the message. Moreover, the author makes a contradictory argument in paragraph two. It sounds ambiguous to discourage emailing during both working hours and non-working hours. So, when employees should sent and/or receive emails? As mention earlier, the topic is vital. The author clearly represents the proposal portraying precise sense of purpose. According to the author email communication is essential and can improve organizations effectiveness. However, due to misuse email communications impact negatively on companies and manger still assume that email communication is basic. This challenge is clearly represented elaborated and so is the solution Notably, the solution is kept clear; there are several modes of offering the training hence leaving the manager to rationally choose the best. Notably, the author makes a commanding request to managers to incorporate email training in the organizations operations, by not giving any other option to solve the problem. Moreover, by elaborating how training induces email etiquette, a driver of effectiveness in email communication, the solutions make a lot of sense. Forlornly, the author made the proposal sound as purely personal opinion. No sources were included in the text. Despite including the reference page, the author failed to acknowledge borrowed content and ideas. The paper is standard, but could still make more impact if improved. Grammar mistakes were minimal and possibly negligible though they can still be corrected. To improve the papers reputation, it’s recommended that the author adjusts the introduction, making it more captivating. Possibly, the author might avoid generalizing the idea but instead develop an optimal amount of time to dedicate to emailing. The timing

Case Study Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Case Study Assignment - Essay Example He further argues that the development department is capable of producing the software within the stipulated time since one of the employees at the department told him that they have extra time to develop such kind of software. Kelly Thomas argues that the reason as to why they cannot develop the software by August is because, based on his analysis of two years ago, when the company had more people, every support engineer was allocated a client after every one hour and as a result, the product in the market was of high quality and needed less support. Currently, the engineering development department has a shortage after 25 percent of the total staff was laid off and thus the remaining personnel needs more time to create the software since most of them are involved in the engineering support department for customers. Chris argues that the sales and revenues of the company are shrinking and to maintain the strengths and productivity of the company, there needs to be a 15 percent cut in the budget of the company. Chris further argues that it is possible to achieve a 15 percent cut in the budget without laying-off of staff and thus Total Corporation of the employees of the department is needed. The argument made by Cliff O Connor is sound. This argument is based on statistics and records of the company and thus he foresees the future based on past and current trends. For instance, Cliff argues that the current revenue of the company based on sales and service ratio is 50:50. This argument can only be made if there is an available statistical data to provide proof. In conclusion, the argument made by Cliff is very logical. The argument made by Pat Lambert is unsound. It is based on predictions and no available record is shown to support his line of reasoning. Pat argues that customers will be happy if the prototype is in the market by August despite its incompletion. Normally, if a product is released in the market and it does not offer value

Reading assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading assignment - Essay Example In The Abolition of Man, C.S Lewis uses the example of The Green Book and its authors Gaius and Titius which is meant to provide English education for children (Lewis). Gaius and Titius basically created the following proposition, according to C.S. Lewis: â€Å"firstly, that all sentences containing a predicate of value are statements about the emotional state of the speaker, and secondly, that all such statements are unimportant†(Lewis). To Lewis, this is unacceptable and goes against the natural moral law as it teaches â€Å"the belief that all emotions aroused by local association are in themselves contrary to reason and contemptible†(Lewis). This means that a large part of the learning process in studying literature is being able to understand and interpret the emotions conveyed by the author of a piece. In turn, not being able to comprehend the emotional aspect or associating the emotions with something negative or of little merit, students are losing the lessons i n ethics, morals, and philosophy that often are interwoven with literature. By taking the emphasis off of this type of examination, the study of English and literature becomes much more scientific, clinical, and empty. Many of the important moral and philosophical lessons comes from literature and by threatening to take this aspect out of books or by placing less emphasis on it, the education system is not supporting the high morality that has existed in the Western hemisphere. Without this support, the moral and philosophical nature of the Western culture will further deteriorate and there will be a plethora of unreasonable citizens in its wake. C.S. Lewis continues his argument for natural moral law with providing evidence that society has lost objective truth and morality. According to Lewis: â€Å"Their skepticism about values is on the surface: it is for use on other peoples values; about the values current in their own set they are not

CASE 3- Variable and Fixed Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASE 3- Variable and Fixed Costs - Essay Example ch refers to the costing methodology in which all the manufacturing and direct costs were allocated to the products and used in the calculation of the costs of inventory (opening, in process or closing). All the non manufacturing costs are directly charged to the income statement and were excluded from the cost of inventory (opening, in process or closing). This method is also known as full costing method or system. (Drury, 2004) An alternative to this method is a variable costing method. Under variable costing approach the cost of a product includes variable costs (costs that vary with the level of production) of production only. All the fixed costs (costs that are not dependent on the level of production) are directly taken to the profit and loss statement and not form the part of inventory cost (opening, in process or closing). It is also called as direct costing system. (Matz & Usry, 1980) 1. If production in a period equals the sales in that period, then profits calculated under both the methods are same. The reason is that the amount of fixed overheads that will be charged to the profit and loss statement under absorption costing will be the fixed expenses incurred during the period, which is also charged in the profit and loss statement under variable costing method. Therefore, net income under both methods will be same. The fixed costs pertaining to opening inventories, under absorption costing method, will be carried forward to the next period, As opening and closing inventories are same (since sales equals production). (Drury, 2004) 2. If the production during the period exceeds the sales during that period, then absorption costing system results in higher profits as compared to the variable costing systems, since fixed cost pertaining to the units sold is less than the total fixed costs for the period (As production is greater than sales and fixed costs in absorption costing are allocated on the basis of units produced). As under the absorption

Notes for exam question Essay Example for Free

Notes for exam question Essay Chapter 1: social scientist have argued that issues of inequality, poverty and social exclusion cut across both social welfare and crime control domains, and noted that while some responses to these issues may become the focus of social welfare policies, others may become the focus of crime control interventions. Social justice then is neither the exclusive terrain of social welfare nor of crime control. The boundaries between these two domains tend to be mobile and porous. This idea was introduced by arguing that the neat distinction between the goals of social welfare (well being) and the goals of crime control (maintaining social order) break down on closer inspection. Chapter 1 section 4: crime control measures impact adversely on social welfare and produce justice struggles. State withdrawal from the direct provision of welfare services is accompanied by greater attention to antisocial behaviour of younger and poorer groups in society. Social welfare is oriented towards the creation and maintenance of social well-being through the provision of various social supports combating social inequalities by promoting redistribution and social inclusion and countering various social harms such as poverty and discrimination. The domain of crime control is more oriented towards the creation and maintenance of social stability, social order and security by addressing behaviours and activities of those who are perceived to threaten these in some way. Crime control and social welfare policies, there are many examples of entanglement between them. For example, countering antisocial behaviour may be defined as a social welfare matter in that it protects the welfare and well being of some against the disruptions caused by others. This example also raises wider social welfare questions, I.e how can societies support young people and others so that they do not conduct themselves in ways that are viewed as antisocial? The relationship between social welfare and crime control is dynamic meaning it is likely to change over time, and it is contested. Another example of how social welfare and crime control is entangled: protecting children from abuse- a role taken on by both police and social workers, acting in partnership but with rather blurred boundaries between the welfare and crime control functions. The entanglements between welfare and crime control take many different forms. Welfare states in its traditional form is considered by many commentators across the political spectrum to be in need of reform. Social scientists focus on creating social inclusion rather than on providing welfare Ideas about an underclass of marginalised individuals often black Afro caribbean or Hispanic have informed policies on crime preventions and crime control in countries such as the USA. Many studies are handing over more responsibility for tackling crime and antisocial behaviour to local communities, who in turn address crime prevention through a mix of welfare and control strategies. As environmental issues become more important in ensuring security and well-being, so attention is turning to new kinds of harm harms perpetrated not by those traditionally defined as problem populations, often on the margins of society but by the rich and powerful who perpetuate environmental and other kinds of crime. Many struggles for social justice, produced laws that have to be enforced through the institutions of criminal justice. On the other hand, some criminal justice measures including many of those now associated with anti terrorist measures are viewed as producing harms such as internment or the loss of rights for certain population groups. Chapter 1 section 36: dissent and protest against social injustice may be the subject or criminalising responses. The darling study for the Joseph row tree foundation shows an increasing inequality of wealth in the uk in the late 20th century when income inequalities grew rapidly. It also shows a greater degree of spatial segregation of wealth and poverty, with local areas increasingly dominated by wealthy or poor residents and a decline in social mixing. Poverty concentrates attention on one segment of society: those living below a certain level of income, or below a certain level of resources. Many studies of poverty tend to focus attention on poor people rather than the wider social structures which generate and reproduce poverty. In the process, then, such studies divert attention from the relationship between wealth and poverty, and the ways in which richer and more powerful groups manage to increase their wealth and hold on to it at the expense of poorer and less powerful groups. Much social investigation into poverty has in practice involved looking at the poorest people to see what was wrong with them, and is based on the assumption that there must be something about them that makes them different from us. In the 19th century, investigators went like intrepid explorers into the neighbourhoods where the poor lived in order to examine their habits, their ways of life, their culture and most frequently their character. The poor were associated with a range of social dangers from illness, through crime and vice, to the threat of socialism. This emphasis on statistical investigation has had a profound influence on the subsequent development of social research in the uk and how we come to know about and understand the social world. But the investigation and observation of the character and habits of the poor has also had enduring consequences, reflecting a persistent belief that the cause of poverty could be discovered there. 19th century investigations into moral failings of the poor merged into20th century concerns with their dysfunctional family life or their culture of poverty. The idea of a culture of poverty had mutated into a culture of dependency. All of these terms expressed the idea that poor people had habits, attitudes and ways of life that has passed poverty on across generations. Chapter 2 section 2: welfare states are involved in the maintenance of social order and stability by naturalising and normalising social inequalities Chapter 2 sections 2,34: welfare states prescribe certain ideas of behaviour. These may stigmatise certain categories of people in booths study, the poor; and in the 21st century, those who are not gainfully employed or who do not comply with norms of active citizenship. Welfare states also police adherence to norms of good conduct and may punish those who deviate from them. Punishments may range from measures such as the withdrawal of benefits and services to actual criminalisation. Chapter 3 section 3: care whether provided informally or through welfare states can involve the abuse, neglect and exploitation of vulnerable people. Some abuses are subject to criminal prosecution. Chapter 3 section 4: treaties, conventions, laws and workers rights are often ineffective in regulating safety and ensuring freedom from harm in the workplace. Trade unions have attempted to limit workplace harms by pursuing rights and legal safeguards, but there power has been weakened. In attempt to avoid legislative action, some companies are now developing voluntary codes of conduct based on the idea of social responsibility. Chapter 4 section 2: problem populations, in problem places such as the black population of new Orleans tend to be stigmatised, viewed as a source of harm, crime and social disorder Chapter 4 section 3: some of the case studies show how welfare policies that sought to solve housing problems in the past have had damaging consequences, leading to punitive and criminalising policies in the present. Chapter 5 section 2: global slums are sites of concerns about crime and disorder. They are also sites of emerging understanding about how slums can be a source of progress and development through self help Chapter 5 section 4: transnational institutions concerns with regulating environmental crimes are contrasted with restorative self regulatory and participatory models of development.

Community analysis: Mocksville, North Carolina

Community analysis: Mocksville, North Carolina COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT Introduction The community of Mocksville, North Carolina comprises a vibrant neighborhood with over 5,000 residents (Town, 2015). Mocksville’s town center has a well-established organization for economic opportunities, and is enclosed by four large oak trees, which anchor the center of town, and offer a beautiful sight as their branches extend over Main Street. Mocksville also offers education opportunities with state of the art technology. The system runs from pre-school through high school and early college. Civic clubs, recreational activities, performing arts and a strong respect for values are also aspects that make Mocksville, North Carolina a great place to call home or to visit (Town, 2015). Through collecting community data about the citizens, and conducting a windshield assessment and an interview, a need was discovered within Mocksville, and a plan to address that need was formulated. Community Data According to census data (2010), the population of Mocksville, North Carolina was 5,051. When it comes to gender, 2,770 (54.8%) people out of the total population were female, and 2,281 (45.2%) were male (Census, 2010). The primary race in Mocksville was Caucasian, with 3,734 people identifying as white. African American’s comprised 14.6 percent of the population, with 736 people identifying as such. 12 percent of the population identified as Hispanic and Latino, which is 607 people (Census, 2010). The age ranges in Mocksville are not even. The bulk of the population, 56.8 percent, is between the ages of 18 and 64. 18.3 percent are 65 years of age or older, and 24.9 percent are under the age of 18 (Mocksville, 2015). According to economic information in the census (2010), the median household income was $40,553, and 18.7 percent of the population are below the poverty level. When it comes to geographic parameters, Mocksville is 7.54 square miles (Mocksville, 2015). Mocksville’s history is rooted in tobacco and farming. Back in that time, Mocksville was home to a few famous residents, such as Daniel Boone, who lived near Mocksville from 1750 to 1759, Thomas Ferebee, who was a Hiroshima bombardier, J. D. Gibbs, son of Joe Gibbs, Hinton Rowan Helper, and Roy L. Williams (Mocksville, 2015). Next, the average family size in Mocksville is 3.02. There are 884 husband-wife family households, 200 single males, and 401 single females. Education is an important part of Mocksville’s structure. In the census (2010), 78.9 percent of the population were said to be a high school graduate or higher, and 23.4 percent were said to have a Bachelor’s degree or higher. Despite the levels of education possessed by the citizens of Mocksville, the unemployment rate is 5.8 percent, and only 2,270 people above the age of 16 are employed (Mocksville, 2015). Government data shows that the political systems in place are primarily republican, however there is also democratic, and libertarian sway in Mocksville (Census, 2010). The city has a political structure and representation. The state senate and house both have a member from Mocksville representing Davie County as a whole. They are Andrew Brock and Julia Howard (Elected, 2015). The next level on the government tier are the Davie County Commissioners, then comes the Clerk of Superior Court and the register of Deeds. The Sheriff and District Court Judges come next followed by the Mayor of Mocksville, and Mocksville Commissioners (Board, 2015). When it comes to Mocksville’s relationship to law enforcement, there are 21 full time law enforcement employees who live in the city (Mocksville, 2015). The Mocksville Police Department is located on Main Street close to the town center. Mocksville has plenty of government services that are provided. There are 42 full time government employ ees, who live in Mocksville (Mocksville, 2015). The city provides parks and recreation, streets and highways, police protection, firefighters, financial administration, water supply, and sewerage. Windshield Assessment Mocksville has a lot of character when it comes to its physical features. The houses are well-kept and not dilapidated or boarded up. The streets are paved, with very few pot holes, and there are streetlights and sidewalks all the way down Main Street. The communities condition is old but well maintained. With it being a small town rooted in farming, there are a lot of old Plantation, and Victorian style homes. The community is visibly bifurcated, which means it is stratified into higher and lower income areas. The old, large, plantation homes are on one end of Main Street, and smaller dwellings, and brick homes are on the other end of Main Street. There are many small businesses along Main Street in Mocksville, and very few big businesses. Some smaller businesses include a music instrument store, ice cream parlor, local bars, florists, a book store, and an antique store. Three of the bigger businesses on Main Street are the Davie County Enterprise, Boost Mobile, and NAPA Auto Parts. There are three different houses of worship on Main Street. These include a Methodist, and Presbyterian Church, as well as a Life Christian Church. Along with places to worship, Mocksville has public facilities such as parks, recreation centers, schools, and human service agencies. Rich Park is located right off Main Street, and the Brock Center for the Arts is a recreation center located close to the Methodist Church near the town center. Mocksville is home to four schools, which are South Davie Middle School, Davie High School, Davie County Early College High School, and the Davie County Community College. The human service agencies in Mocksville are the Department of Social Services, Davie County Hospital, Davie County Health Department, and the Davie County Senior Center. While driving down Main Street, doing the windshield assessment, the people in Mocksville were seen walking, and talking on cell phones, driving older vehicles, looking in store windows, going into the town hall building and the license plate building, and a few landscapers were seen mowing and trimming yards. Essentially, Mocksville is a busy town during the week. Interview An interview was conducted with an older member of the community of Mocksville, on March 11th, 2015, to discuss the resources in the town. Her name is Angela Cope, and she was born in 1955, making her 60 years old (personal communication, March 11, 2015). She stated that she has lived in Mocksville her whole life and has watched it grow from a rural farm town into, the city it is today. The first question asked was â€Å"what are the community’s resources within the community?† Mrs. Cope stated â€Å"well there’s a lot of things like that. The police and fire stations are nearby and the hospital is right down the road here. I have neighbors that are a big resource for me and my husband, in case of things like emergencies† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). The next question asked was â€Å"what resources are used by the community outside the community, and how are they accessed?† Mrs. Cope stated â€Å"The only thing I can think of are the h ospitals in Winston. My husband had a stroke a few years ago and had to be taken there by ambulance. My doctors are over in Winston to, and i drive myself to my appointments† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). The next question was â€Å"are there any informal human services available in Mocksville?† Mrs. Cope asked for that to be clarified, so a few examples were given such as neighbors, and charities. Mrs. Cope stated that â€Å"oh yes, my neighbors have been a big help to me and my husband. The people around here are really nice.† When asked who the leaders were in Mocksville, Mrs. Cope stated â€Å"You know, I’m not sure. I know Andy Stokes is the Sherriff, but I don’t know anyone on the town board. We have a mayor though† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). The next question asked was â€Å"do you know about Mocksville’s communication patterns?† She stated, â€Å"The only thing like that I know about is 911. I think the building is over by the hospital. I hear the fire stations sirens going off sometimes, and we have a weather scanner in the kitchen. I hear about Davie County being under weather alerts sometimes like during thunderstorms† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). When asked what the general feel is of Mocksville to its residents, Mrs. Cope stated that â€Å"Oh, Mocksville is a great place to live. Everything I need is close by and the people are nice.† Next asked was â€Å"how do you think Mocksville is perceived by outsiders?† She stated, â€Å"Well I hope they think it’s nice. It’s got this historic look to it that people like† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). The next question was, â€Å"Does Mocksville have any traditions?† Mrs. Cope said, †Å"Yeah, we have a Christmas parade every year. There’s the bed races, and the lights they put on the big oak trees at Christmas time. It’s really pretty.† The next question asked was, â€Å"What are the strengths of the community?† She stated, â€Å"I think the people are a strength, and the resources we have† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). The last questions asked was, â€Å"what are the human service needs of the community?† In response, Mrs. Cope stated that â€Å"The only need I can think about are things for seniors. We have the senior resource center, but when I was taking care of my mom before she passed, I would have liked some more help. It was hard on me and my husband† (personal communication, March 11, 2015). Plan After the interview, the next step for this community assessment is planning an intervention that a social worker could do with the community, which meets a need identified by the community. Based upon this assessment, a need discovered was more senior services, particularly helping caregivers who are caring for their parent or loved one. To form an intervention based on this need, Asset Based Community Development, or ABCD, was used. It is a strategy for sustainable community driven development. ABCD builds on the assets that are already found in the community and mobilizes individuals, associations, and institutions to come together to build on their assets not concentrate on their needs. An asset Mocksville already has, when it comes to the older adult population, is the Davie County Senior Resource Center. The center already has many activities and programs for seniors; however, the center could house and do more for this population. An intervention to propose is an elder daycare center. The senior center is located in the heart of Davie County and could offer a great location for such a program. An elder daycare center would simply be adding on to the services already offered at the senior center, and would help give caregivers a reprieve for a few hours during the day to relax or run errands. Simply, the elderly population is growing not only in small towns like Mocksville, but all over the United States. As these numbers increase, the resources for this population will need to increase as well. Conclusion In conclusion, through collecting community data about the citizens, and conducting a windshield assessment and an interview, a need was discovered within Mocksville, North Carolina, and a plan to address that need was formulated. With a population of over 5,000 and almost 20% being older adults, the need of a resource for caregivers in Mocksville became apparent, and even more so after an interview with a citizen of the town. By using an ABCD approach, the strengths of the community were assessed, and the possible intervention of an elder daycare center was formed. To end, community resources are vital for all populations to thrive. Mocksville has met that need, but will need to continue to grow its assets to meet the needs of a growing elderly population. References Davie County, NC Appointed Board Members. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.daviecountync.gov/index.aspx?NID=483 Davie County, NC Elected Officials. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.daviecountync.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/25 Mocksville Town, North Carolina QuickLinks. (2010). US Census Bureau. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/37/3743720lk.html Mocksville, North Carolina Profile. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/city/Mocksville-North-Carolina.htm Town of Mocksville, NC. (2015). Retrieved March 31, 2015, from http://mocksvillenc.org/

Speech Disorders: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Speech Disorders: Causes, Effects and Treatments 1. INTRODUCTION: At the point when a man is not able to deliver speech sounds accurately or easily, or has issues with his or her voice, then he or she has a Speech disorder. Troubles purporting sounds, or verbalization issue, and stammering are cases of speech disorder. At the point when a man experiences difficulty understanding others (open dialect), or sharing musings, thoughts, and emotions totally (expressive dialect), then he or she has a dialect issue. A stroke can bring about aphasia, or a dialect issue. Speech disorder can influence the way a man makes sounds. These sounds, obviously, help us to shape words and are important for correspondence with other individuals. Speech disorder can influence both grown-ups and youngsters. Certain voice issue might likewise be considered discourse issue (Ahmad, Hameed, Jehangir, Khttak. , 2013). Both kids and grown-ups can have speech and dialect issue. They can happen as a consequence of a restorative issue or have no known bring about (Deriziotis Fisher, 2013). Grown-up speech impedance incorporates any side effect that causes a grown-up to experience issues with vocal correspondence. Such issues may incorporate slurred, moderated, raspy, faltered, or quick discourse (Dodd, 2013). Different side effects may incorporate solid facial muscles, dribbling, poor openness of words, and sudden constriction of vocal muscles. On the off chance that you encounter a sudden onset of speech disability, look for restorative care immediately. This may demonstrate a genuine hidden condition (Dodd, 2013). 2. DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH DISORDER: Speech disorder is basically influencing the capacity to deliver normal speech. Speech disorder may influence explanation (phonetic or phonological issue); familiarity (faltering or jumbling); and/or voice (tone, pitch, volume, or rate). Speech disorder may have their roots in oral-engine challenges, albeit some include dialect preparing issues. Conclusion is made through discourse/dialect evaluation that is performed by an authorized speech/dialect pathologist. Treatment is by language instruction (Lozano, Vino, Lozano,Fisher Deriziotis, 2105). Speech disorder alludes to a few conditions in which a man has issues making or shaping the discourse sounds expected to speak with others. Three basic discourse issues are: Explanation issue Dis-fluency Voice issue As per the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), a dialect issue is impedance in perception utilization of the talked, composed, or other image framework. Speech Disorder influences the dialect and mechanics, the substance of discourse, or the capacity of dialect in correspondence. Since speech disorder influence a mans capacity to convey viably, every part of the individuals life can be influenced, for instance, the individuals capacity to make companions, and to impart at school or at work (Macrae,Tyler Lewis, 2014). 2.1 AMYOTROPHIC SIDELONG SCLEROSIS (ALS): Amyotrophic sidelong sclerosis (ALS), otherwise called Lou Gehrigs illness, is a neurological infection that assaults the nerve cells in the cerebrum that control intentional muscles. ALS reasons engine neurons to pass on so that the mind and spinal rope are not able to send messages to the muscles instructing them to move. Since the muscles are not working, they start to decay. Muscles in the face and jaw can be influenced, and subsequently influencing a mans speech (Ahmad, Hameed, Jehangir, Khttak. , 2013). 2.2 APHASIA: Aphasia results from harm to the dialect focuses of the mind, which influences a mans capacity to convey through talking, tuning in, and composing. The seriousness of aphasia fluctuates from individual to individual, yet in the most serious cases, a man will be unable to comprehend speech by any means. Persons with gentle aphasia might just get to be befuddled when speech gets to be protracted and confounded (Dodd, 2013). 2.3 FORMATIVE APRAXIA OF SPEECH: Formative apraxia is a disorder that influences the sensory system and influences a mans capacity to succession and say sounds, syllables, and words. The mind does not send the right messages to the mouth and jaw so that the individual can say what he or she needs to say. Kids who are experiencing this disorder dont jibber jabber as a baby and first words are deferred. More seasoned youngsters may have more trouble with longer expressions, and may give off an impression of being hunting down words to express an idea (Deriziotis Fisher, 2013). 2.4 STAMMERING: Stammering is a disorder of speech familiarity that every now and again intrudes on the stream of speech. Since kids regularly falter and confound their words as speech creates, faltering is not quickly apparent. It is normally when kids get to be more established and keep on lurching that stammering gets to be clear (Lozano, Vino, Lozano,Fisher Deriziotis, 2105). 3. PREVALANCE OF SPEECH DISORDER: Examination concerning the pervasiveness, onset, and regular history of faltering is restricted and hard to translate. Faltering is accounted for to start in the third and fourth year for more or less 4% to 5% of kids. More or less 80% of youngsters who start stammering recuperate without treatment, with 50% of these recuperating inside of 1 year of onset. Mansson (2000) led an entire populace overview of each of the 1,042 kids conceived in a 2-year period (1990–1991) on the island of Bornholm in Denmark. The youngsters were screened at 3 years old, when 4.99% were dead set to falter. The known aggregate occurrence (evaluated in ensuing subsequent studies more than a 9-year period) was 5.19%, and a male–female proportion of 2.8:1 was accounted for. In an Australian phone review, Craig, Hancock, Tran, Craig, and Peters (2002) decided the pervasiveness of faltering in the populace to be 0.72%. Higher predominance rates were accounted for more youthful kids (1.4%–1. 44%); the most reduced rate was accounted for young people (0.53%). The occurrence or danger of stammering (acquired by joining predominance information with reports of recouped faltering) was assessed to be 2.8% in youngsters matured 2–5 years, 3.4% in kids matured 6–10 years, and 2.1% in grown-ups matured 21 to 50 years (Macrae,Tyler Lewis, 2014). 4. CAUSES OF SPEECH DISPORDER: Dis-fluencies are disorders in which a man rehashes a sound, word, or expression. Faltering may be the most genuine dis-fluency. Verbalization disorders may have no unmistakable bring about. They might likewise happen in other relatives. Different reasons include: Problems or changes in the structure or state of the muscles and bones used to make speech sounds. These progressions may incorporate congenital fissure and tooth issues. Damage to parts of the mind or the nerves, (for example, from cerebral paralysis) that control how the muscles cooperate to make speech (Ahmad, Hameed, Jehangir, Khttak. , 2013). Voice disorders are brought about by issues when air goes from the lungs, through the vocal strings, and afterward through the throat, nose, mouth, and lips. A voice disorder may be because of: Acid from the stomach moving upward Cancer of the throat Cleft sense of taste or different issues with the sense of taste Conditions that harm the nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal strings Laryngeal networks or clefts (a conception surrender in which a slim layer of tissue is between the vocal strings) Noncancerous developments (polyps, knobs, pimples, granulomas, papilloma’s, or ulcers) on the vocal strings Overuse of the vocal strings from shouting, continually making a sound or singing 5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH DISORDER: A person with speech disorder may exhibit one or more of the following characteristics (Dodd, 2013): A person may substitutes one sounds for another. (sample: wabbit for rabbit) A person discards or twists his speech sounds, making his speech hard to get it. (top for stop) A person shows trouble with open and expressive vocabulary. (Sample: He is habitually not able to name or recognize articles known by same-age peers.) Often encounters trouble developing sentences of proper length and/or intricacy. A person every now and again rehashes sounds, syllables, or words amid classroom discourses. (suh-suh-sun, conception birthday.) A person every now and again delays sounds in words. (sssssssun, baaaaby.) A person seems, by all accounts, to be mindful of or exasperates by his speech disability. 6. FIVE INTERVENTIONS/ TEACHING STRATEGY FOR CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM SPEECH DISORDER: 6.1 PART (a): The Becky Shanks Narrative Intervention Broad Target Recasts Colorful Semantics Comic Strip Conversations Comprehension Monitoring 6.2 PART (b): i. THE BECKY SHANKS NARRATIVE INTERVENTION Becky Shanks Narrative Intervention was created and mutualized by Becky Shanks (2001). It concentrates on understanding and utilizing story syntax to bolster youngsters to tell verbal stories and stories and is particularly intended for youngsters with dialect trouble. The Narrative Intervention takes after four standards (Davies, Shanks Davies 2008) specifically Distinguishing the nature of a basic story structure, The improvement of youngsters stories, Intercession in view of story sentence structure Teamwork between speech and language advisors and instructors ii. COMIC STRIP CONVERSATIONS Initially intended for kids on the mentally unbalanced range, Comic Strip Conversations use drawings of stick figures with speech and thought rises to show what individuals think and what they say in diverse circumstances. They are expected to demonstrate that individuals can say one thing and think another. They are regularly used to think back on circumstances and discuss the diverse ways understudies could have acted. They were grown via Carol Gray. APPENDIX A: WEBSITE #1: http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/ChildhoodApraxia/ This website is healthy enough for surfers when surfing about speech disability in children. Very detailed and accurate information have been given in it. It provides definitely a prodigious info material for the research paper. Furthermore it can be very well useful in the future research too with explicit headings in it. WEBSITE #2: http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/speechlanguage/ This site is sufficiently sound for surfers when surfing about speech incapacity in adults. Exceptionally itemized and precise data have been given in it. It gives unquestionably an immense data material for the exploration paper. Besides it can be extremely well valuable later on exploration too with unequivocal headings in it.

The Sentiment, Mood, and Philosophy of The Best Slow Dancer :: Free Essay Writer

The Sentiment, Mood, and Philosophy of The Best Slow Dancer Feelings can twist reality in the most peculiar ways. Emotions push the mind to the most stunning conclusions, and stir within the soul the strangest storms. In fact, senses reach their peak in David Wagoner’s poetic work â€Å"The Best Slow Dancer†. In the poem, Wagoner brings out the height of sentiment through the eyes of a teenage boy at a school dance, who overcomes the teenage social hierarchy and his own fear to share in the longed-for dance with one special girl. All the while Wagoner takes his readers into depths of wafting dreaminess, romance, and intimacy they are projected through an unbroken flow of words uninterrupted by punctuation, rhythm, or strict lines. â€Å"The Best Slow Dancer† portrays the mental state of a boy as he experiences a dance. It is a short dance, but one that seems to him prolonged for an eternity, the â€Å"three-second rule forever/ suspended†. The feelings that go through the youth’s soul range from extreme delight to just as extreme tension, and the reader may see them all exhibited in the lines of the poem. His surety when with the girl in his embrace is seen when his â€Å"countless feet light-footed sure to move as they wished wherever [they] might stagger without her†, but then he â€Å"tried†¦to tell her [he wasn’t] the worst one†, the worst of the boys, the one that she would not be seen dead with—which implies that he is fearful of the fact that she might reject him, â€Å"not waving a sister somebody else’s partner†. The full textual image demonstrates that the boy is with all his heart trying to impress the girl, and gets the dance with her against all odds of popularity and such, and then he treasures the experience, as he says to himself â€Å"remember† at the end. All throughout â€Å"The Best Slow Dancer†, the key ingredient to the image within the reader’s mind is the mood set by the poem. The mood is mystical, quixotic, intimate, and continual. This state is accomplished by three techniques—poetic devices, turns of phrase, and contortion of syntax. The main pair of poetic devices that set up all these moods and humors simultaneously are enjambment and synecdoche. Enjambment is bizarre in this poetic work, especially in descriptions of physical setting or position, such as the setting of the dance, â€Å"in the school gym across the key through the glitter/ of mirrored light†, or the position of the main character with his â€Å"cheek against her temple, her ear just under/ that†.

Exploring Teacher Pay Incentives Essay examples -- education reform, t

This study analyzes four articles’ study findings as well as authors’ conclusion on the teachers’ incentive pay issue based on the studies presented by the authors. Those articles include Steele, Murname and Willnett (2009) that seek to analyze the effect of incentives on teachers’ retention. In the article, a natural experiment done in California between the year 2000 and 2003 involving an incentive of $20,000 that was called the Governor’s Teaching Fellowship (GTF) analyzes the incentives’ effect on talented teachers’ attraction and retention in low-performing schools. In addition, Fryer (2011) is the other article presenting an analysis of teacher’s incentives’ effect on students’ success in terms of attendance, academic performance or graduation. The article utilizes a school-based random trial involving more than 200 public schools in New York. Further, the analysis reviews an article by Figlio and Kenny (2006) which is a documentation of students’ performance’s relationship with teachers’ performance incentives. The study utilizes United States data combining the authors’ survey that was conducted in 2000 with National Education Longitudinal Survey on students and schools in regard to teachers’ pay incentives. Finally, Nael (2011) is an article on an analysis of education incentive schemes through a review of empirical studies that evaluates educators’ performance pay programs. Thus, the article will provide a suitable review on designs of student’s achievements measures and teachers’ performance metrics. Article 1: Relationship between teacher pay incentives and student’s performance Figlio & Kenny (2006) presents the first systematic documentation of the relationship that exists between students’ performance and the ... ...g jobs at the existing pay. In addition, incentives would retain the teachers as they would not be motivated to look for alternative jobs. (Barron & Lynch, 1987) Works cited Barron, J. & Lynch, G. Economics. London: Richard D. Irwin Inc, 1987. Print. Figlio, N. D. & Kenny, L. â€Å"Individual Teacher’s Incentive Programs and Student’s Performance†. NBER Working Paper 12627, October 2006. Print. Fryer, G.R. â€Å"Teachers Incentives and Students Achievement: Evidence from New York City’s Public Schools†. NBER Working Paper 16850, March 2011. Print. Neal, D. â€Å"The Design of Performance Pay In Education†. NBER Working Paper 16710, January 2011. Print. Steele, J., Murname, R. & Willnett, J. â€Å"Do Financial Incentives Help Low Performing Schools in Attracting and Keeping Talented Teachers? Evidence from California†. NBER Working paper 14780, March 2009. Print.

Propaganda Essay -- essays research papers

Distorted Mirror of Reality â€Å"All propaganda must be popular and its intellectual level must be adjusted to the most limited intelligence among those it is addressed to, consequently, the greater the mass it is intended to reach, the lower its purely intellectual level will have to be.† ~Adolf Hitler Mein Kampf â€Å"Psychology of Propaganda† Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and unstable economy. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government that advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. It promotes celebrating the nation or the race as a pure community surpassing all other loyalties. This right-wing political philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. The most recognized name that goes along with Fascism is Germany’s Adolf Hitler, a founder of the Nazi party who rose to power in 1933. Some of the central mythic goals of National Socialist movement in 1930’s Germany were to: activate â€Å"the people† as a whole against perceived oppressors or enemies, to create a pure nation of unity, and to establish ultimate control of one supreme leader, Hitler, from whom all power proceeds downward. Nationalism thus became a central component of the Third Reich. As a result, art of propaganda was considered to be the most crucial element in establishing the new Reich as envisioned by Hitler. Politics and aesthetics seemingly united in this context. Art became a cultural and political mission in Germany and it led to an increase in ethnic propaganda. This essay, therefore, will analytically discuss the mythic context of Hitler’s Race and Nation and Leni Riefenstahl’s film, Triumph of the Will by examining its significance within Nazi conceptions of Aryanism and art. Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf (My Struggle) dwells on his views on the significance of race in culture and social systems, and particularly on his perception of the role of Aryans and Jews in culture creation and destruction. In order to bring together and gain support from the majority of the nation Hitler praises the mythical importance of Aryan race,... ...ent. Riefenstahl's shooting of the film brings out not only the spoken content of the Nazi mythology, but also expresses their ideals through heavy visual imagery. Clearly in the beginning of the movie we observe the birth of a myth when a serious and gloomy atmosphere surrounds the mythic message with the titles, â€Å"16 years after the German woe began...† then changes to an uplifting mood when the titles say, â€Å"19 months after the beginning of Germany's rebirth...† We sense almost unbearable tension of anticipation as represented through the music and the lighting, later the tone of the music gets somewhat subdued and turns into something dreamy, mystical while we see the billowing clouds. When the silhouette of Nuremberg appears through the clouds the music turns into the Nazi anthem, which continues while we see the shadow of the plane over the marching columns of storm troopers. This demonstrates the significance of the music for creating the desired emot ional impression among the viewers. Also, one must not underestimate the importance of the national anthem in the attempts of a party to ascertain that they are the â€Å"only† party that â€Å"truly† represents the people and the nation.

Sir Elton John

Sir Elton John was a pop singer in the 19 and 20 century. Elton was inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the year 1994. Elton was one of the biggest artist of that time. Elton has lots and lots of fans and makes over millions of dollars. This is Elton life from a child to an adult! Elton John had an ok childhood. Elton John was born on March 25 1947 in Pinner, United Kingdom. Elton John had 4 brothers named Geoff, Simon, Sam and Robert. Elton John's father, Stanley Dwight was in the royal air force. Elton did not have a good relationship with Stanley. Elton John not only loved music at a young age, he loved to play sports. One surprising fact about Elton John was that he taught himself how to play the piano at age 3! When Elton John was only 17 he dropped out of High School to start his dream of music. According to CNN, Elton John was married to Renate Blauel in 1984. But CNN states that Elton got into a divorce with Renate in 1988. Elton John went on Instagram and said that he was a bad husband to Renute and caused her into sadness, which made them have a divorce. Years later Elton ended up marrying David Furnish to be his long time partner. They have been married to David since 2014 to now. Elton John has too kids with David. Elton John has two kids named Zachary and Elijah! Zachary is Eltons older son that is about 8 years old as of 2018. Zachary was born in 2010 on christmas day! A surprising fact about Zachary is that his godmother is Lady Gaga! In a interview Elton said â€Å"He's gorgeous, he travels brilliantly, he so loves people, and it makes our lives – he's the icing on the cake†. Elton and David say they love the biological mother of Zachary like a sister. Elijah is Elton and David's youngest son. As of 2018 Elijah is about 5 years old. Elijah was born on January 11, 2013. At Elijah's birth he weighed 8lb 4oz. From interviews you can tell that Elton and David really loves there kids and would do anything for them. Elton John's has many songs that made him famous. Some of his songs that got him very famous are Rocket Man, Crocodile Rock and Goodbye Yellow Brick Road! Those are just a few of Elton John's hits singles. Elton John is also famous for his debut album Yellow Brick Road of 1969-1973. This album has helped make Elton John very famous and put him where he is today. Elton John makes about 500 millions dollars! Listen to this song by Elton called Rocket Man. (played from the slides) Elton John's is getting into his oldern days now. Elton john is 71 years old and is retiring from music very soon. Elton John is going on his very last tour soon. He will be calling it the † Farewell Yellow Brick Road tour†. From the title of the tour he may be performing songs from his album Yellow Brick Road! Rumors say that Elton wants to take a break from music and move on to his other passion, sports! As you can see Elton John is a very successful man. He is very lucky to get inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Even with an ok childhood, he is able to still have the passion for sports and music. Elton is a 71 year old man that is very successful that will go on the rest of his life not being worried about anything.

Document

As it was mentioned that Mossier will use half of the proceeds from the sale to start a new fund to support socially minded entrepreneurship, and Bin will match his investment and continue the company's one-for-one shoe give away policy. The business has recently expanded beyond producing shoes, aware and coffee in Toms product lines- all with the same one for one theme. For every pair of eyeglasses purchased, Toms will help give sight to a person in need. For each bag of coffee beans sold a person will get clean water for a week.Tom's model is perfectly crafted for millennial consumers who wants to feel good about their purchases but needs a clear, simple and tangible means Of understanding the social purpose of the company through point-of-purchase marketing. Hence, it is evident that millennial are Toms' target demographic that are becoming social entrepreneurs in a big way too to make their own impact and for those who are with social missions, this development is a good step for ward to show that social entrepreneurship can do good and do well simultaneously. Document It is a pleasure to be here today and be part of such a distinguished panel. What I'd like to do in the time allotted is to share some thoughts on the influence of technology on learning in high schools. But first let me make clear what I'm talking about. The technology that is shaping our future and our children's is not, as many assume, the computer. These machines have been with us for decades and now, with their advanced multimedia capability, they deserve considerable credit for enhancing learning among people of all ages. But I propose that there is an even greater technology on the rise.I am speaking about the new and emerging forms of interactive communications, such as the Internet, that allow us to capitalize on our greatest learning resource -? the minds of people all over the globe. We are just beginning to experience the impact of this connection of people to people, and can only guess how transforming its effects will be in the coming years. I also contend, however, tha t if we make the right choices now, we can substantially change for the better how we and our children learn, and more important, how the young people of today and generations to come are taught to learn.To succeed at that task requires a concerted and coordinated effort -? a partnership if you will -? among our families, schools, youth organizations, and communities say that because I am mindful that technology itself is never the reason things change. Rather, it is how people choose to apply technology and whether they make wise decisions and address real needs that makes the difference in the long. There is a quote learned and here I quote: The real power of interactive communications is people as the ultimate source of knowledge.It is not the computers, the physical mass of wires, the complex of networks or the vast databases of information. Rather, it is people and their knowledge, relationships, insights, and spirit freely passed from one to another that engender the â€Å"ma gic† the Internet is making possible. Today, of this interconnected world that the fundamental question is whether we will share this â€Å"magic† with everyone , or only a privileged few. The answer depends on the decisions we aka and the actions we take from this moment on.We must come to understand that access to the Internet needs to be a reality for all our citizens, that the free and unrestricted flow of information and the ready availability of computers for everyone are not simply matters of â€Å"technology. † They are, in fact, one of the vital keys that will either open or lock the doors of opportunity for our children and ourselves. It is within our power to determine whether this generation is to experience the rewards of silverberry, a higher quality of fife, and a renewed sense of community that derive from an interactive sharing of information and knowledge.If we make that leap, and ensure that every citizen has access to the Internet and the chan ce to learn the skills to apply these new technologies for personal advancement as well as the common good, America will make a successful transition to the millennium. If we fail, We may leave a legacy smaller than Our own inheritance. We can get Involved with the New Technologies. Make it a priority. I imagine that getting access to networked computers and finding opportunities for practice and training on the Internet may not be easy for many of you.Investigate local community centers, nonprofit organizations, even corporations, who sometimes make space and courses available to the public. Or you might consider buying a recycled computer. Ask around. But don't give up. Because once you have experienced what I'm talking about -? instant access to information you can use and people with shared interests you'll begin to understand the power of this communications revolution. My friends experience demonstrate to me that, the Internet is a rueful tool for invigorating real communities , not just for building virtual ones.Charlotte Web's success in using communications technology to enrich the lives of an entire region, including the undeserved, so that everyone can participate more fully in community life, should inspire other cities and regions to embark on similar ventures. As a bright woman once told us, we need to ensure our children a head start in a difficult and forbidding world. Document The concert was phenomenal. I was an amazed by how Dry. Cure Ragman skills at playing the piano very agile as if he has been playing all his life. He played pieces by List, Suck, Rachmaninoff, and Chopin. Dry. Ragman played with an allegro style of playing in my opinion even when he had to stop playing in the beginning a note cause he sensed one of the microphones wasn't on.The first piece of music he played had an allegro tempo than slow turned and had a allegretto tempo to the piece he played by Franz List called Transcendental Statutes Harmonies du coir (Evening Harmonies). After the first performance Dry. Ragman thanked us for being a good audience. Spring by Josef suck started with a cheerful melody more relaxing as it started with an adagio tempo. Document The concert was phenomenal. I was an amazed by how Dry. Cure Ragman skills at playing the piano very agile as if he has been playing all his life. He played pieces by List, Suck, Rachmaninoff, and Chopin. Dry. Ragman played with an allegro style of playing in my opinion even when he had to stop playing in the beginning a note cause he sensed one of the microphones wasn't on.The first piece of music he played had an allegro tempo than slow turned and had a allegretto tempo to the piece he played by Franz List called Transcendental Statutes Harmonies du coir (Evening Harmonies). After the first performance Dry. Ragman thanked us for being a good audience. Spring by Josef suck started with a cheerful melody more relaxing as it started with an adagio tempo.

Innovation in Edu. Sys and Exam Reforms Essay

Introduction As it is a human nature to think about verity in each and everything in our life. Being a human it’s our joy to thing on this matter. We have changed our life style also according to our comfort. As the generation is growing it is necessary to do according innovation in education also so our coming cohort shall continue acquiring through education. As we commemorate our past people use to go to the guru for knowledge and learn the skills and activities from him. But at that time it is strongly believed if the person who is belonging from the respective field will continue with that only after the completion of his school. We can say the child of king will be a king after his father, a child of farmer will be the farmer, child of tailor will be a tailor etc. After the arrival of British rule (1700 Ad) on India the whole system got changed drastically. Now whatever we are learning is under the education system of western culture. We will discuss it in quiet deep in the project. As our work is not ending over here we have putted effort in the examination reform also. The present system of examination encourages the habit of cramming. Now a day we are even able to give and take examinations online through satellite and with the help of internet. We will discuss this topic more deeply in the project. Innovation in Education system Education system:- For India to get transformed into a developed nation in 2020.Education is an important component. Our education policy should ensure that India is transformed into a developed nation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Good teachers could generate  enlightened minds and instill confidence and will power in students to help them realize their dreams. It is important to ensure that teachers will provided with all facilities so that they can impart proper teaching to students. Importance of Education:- Education is one of the most important factors in achieving the developmental goals of the country. It is an investment in the human resources. If the fruits of education have to reach the common man, it must be adequately and properly administered. In the present age of science and technology, it has been increasingly realized that one needs to be educated not only to become a better man and better social being. Education has come to be recognized as the main instrument of socio economic changes. That is why it has been rightly said that the destiny of a nation is shaped by quantity and quality of students coming out of schools and colleges. A New trend In Education:- E-Learning fosters independent learning. The use of E-Learning in educational activities in various fields has introduced new methods to enhance and transform teaching and learning. E-Learning provides individualized attention to the students. Internet and a vast array of digital resources and content are used for the purpose. E-Learning provides vast information required for independent learning to students which otherwise is not available in the traditional facilities of classroom. E-Learning increased the quality of teaching, learning in the form of vast resources available to them. Independent learners can now learn differently according to the difference they possess. In underdeveloped countries-learning can raise the level of education, literacy and economic development. This is especially true for countries where technical education is expensive, opportunities are limited, and economic disparities exist. The biggest advantage of e-learning lies in its ability to cover distances. For an organization that is spread across multiple locations, traditional  training becomes a constraint. All trainees need to come to a classroom to get trained. Additionally, the trainee’s learning pace is not addressed as all trainees are treated as having equal abilities and there is little flexibility in terms of timing and completion of the course. Ways of teaching and learning:- Curriculum: Fundamental modifications to the curriculum often took the forefront and corresponded mostly to the challenge of catering for individual learning needs. The key words were â€Å"openness† and â€Å"flexibility†. People wanted a more open, broader curriculum providing flexibility so as to give real choices. Development of teachers: Suggestions for changes in the development of teachers mainly responded to the Challenge about training and providing support for school staff. Key concepts here were collaboration, professionalism and experimentation. Creating and managing flexibility: Once again, as with many of the points raised here, the question of creating and managing flexibility was linked to the challenge of catering for individual learning needs. Flexibility was seen in terms of time, place and learning content. Other changes: Amongst the other changes proposed, areas covered included: the provision of resources for disadvantaged areas; broadening the range of learning resources and providing access outside school via various devices; opening school, as a privileged place of learning, to the local community, to industry and to the wider world; developing distributed leadership with greater autonomy for head teachers who should take the lead in teacher development; qualitative research to explore the learning process and results of these experimental practices initiated in teacher training courses. Role of ICT in Innovation:- ICT is put to in seeking to change education. ICT is seen as a vehicle for Collaboration and contact with others at any time and place, enabling, for example, communication between parents and authorities. ICT is also seen to extend both the scope of communication but also the role of students, enabling them to collaborate and communicate with learning partners and become decision-makers in their own learning. Tools such as blogs, wikis and pod/video casting are proposed to support flexibility by working online  and making communication, edition and publishing easy across the world. ICT is also seen to encourage and help teachers by providing dynamic, easily accessible guidance and communication resources whereby they can find support and communicate with coaches and colleagues. Finally, several people pointed to the increasing use of ICT to support social networks and the potential use of these for learning. Challenges to be addressed:- Disconnect between skills provided and skills required by the industry Revision of course curricula lags behind the need of the industry Out-dated machinery/ tools and technology Skill demand of Services/ Unorganized Sector are largely unmet Unsatisfactory employability of trainees because of poor quality of training Shortage of trained instructors and low instructor training capacity in the country Low prestige attached to vocational training Critics to our education Indian Education is although cheap in the world but still a common man today in our country cannot send his ward to a good institute. Examination schedule::we will study for almost 1 year (7 months in engineering). The problem is our paper wills evacuate by a lecturer with in 1 minute, because he will get more money by correcting more papers. Grading of on student is given by calculating the marks obtained in exam which is evaluated in less than 1 minute. I think it is not correct that the of already stated concepts or formulas in text book has to rote students and copy it in exam to get marks in exam. Of course, it’s important to know it. But his capability can judge by his research done on it, his opinions, ideas based on concept what is in text book. Our syllabus will not update forever. In our society it is believed, that who got high percentage, they are super brilliants. I think second class, third class grades in engineering should cancel. Because nearly half of the students in colleges belong to that category,  which is not eligible to so many companies, some government jobs, and the most society will see them as losers. HE confidence will totally smash by experiencing these situations. Examination reforms Introduction to Education Reforms Our entire education system is centered on examinations. Evaluation means to conduct the examination and to give marks and ranks to students. Student’s knowledge is often limited to by hearting and reproducing the same in the examinations. There is no uniformity in evaluation. Different types of evaluation systems are prevailing in different Boards i.e. Government, ICSE, CBSE etc. There is no flexibility in the conducting of tests. It is rigid Board examinations are only helping in classifying students as meritorious and slow- learners i.e. in turn pass/ fail this leads to unhealthy discrimination. The tests and examinations conducted at present are only testing the memory power of the students; they are not measuring the higher order skills of learning. The examinations are mechanical Correcting and posting of marks is done routinely. There is no scope for remedial teaching and testing to know how far a student is lagging behind. Examinations are not helping in assessing the all-round development of the student that is co- curriculum social personal qualities and health status and also they are not helping to testing their level of competency. Reforms proposed in the examination system To follow what is espoused in RTE 2009. Evaluation should have a broader framework and it should not be limited to examinations alone. Exams should include student’s displays, projects, seminars, collection of information and reports. The examinations should not create fear or stress to the student Evaluation should be continuous and comprehensive and it should be the part and parcel of daily teaching learning process. It should not restrict to rote – memory. When construction of knowledge becomes primary in curriculum the evaluation should be continuous and comprehensive i.e. along with the teaching – learning process. The assessment should be based on day  to day activities. The examinations should not be restricted / limited to writing but extended to assessment tools like observation, discussion, note- taking / recording, collection of opinions etc. the assessment should not only be teacher – based but also on peer groups, parents and other. The day to day teaching learning process depends on the experiences of the children. So student’s participation should be there in this teaching – learning process. Their knowledge, understanding and their application skills should be assessed. Therefore the teachers can record this information in their teachers’ dairies and manuals. There should be co- ordination among learning evaluation and objectives. Students note books, their written exhibits and all their other objects should be treated as assessment tools. For self- evaluation of students, quality remarks check – list should be utilized. There is no need to test all the teaching items taught in the classroom. But only some important items must be checked comprehensively at random. After evaluation action plan should be prepared for improvement of the child. Reforms suggested in examinations Examinations are a part of evaluation system. Instead of 3terminal examinations, 2 should be conducted. A test is to be conducted after completion of every unit. The most important item in the test is the nature of questions. They should be above the level of rote- learning. The open – ended questions which allow the students to think and write and express their views on their own should be given importance. To evaluate these questions the indicators should be prepared. Entrance examinations and Board examinations are to be abolished. Teachers are to be encouraged to prepare their own question – papers to conduct examinations. In –service training programmes should conduct for teachers to develop their ability to make question papers innovatively. They must be given adequate skills to prepare Question – Banks. Open book system is to be introduced for languages and social studies. The same test paper is to be used after re – teaching and relearning for slow –learners /non achiever. Evaluation in co- curricular activities like art and games The tools/techniques like rating scales, checklists, observation techniques, interviews are to be used to assess the co-curricular activities like physical education, social, personal qualities, art, games, health and sports. The same things should be recorded in the progress reports of the students through grades. The school-implemented activities like wall- magazines, student dairies and teacher dairies and teacher dairies are also to be evaluated. After conducting the examinations the students progress is to be communicated to their parents as per the RTE Act 2009 children’s’ progress and achievement should also be displayed online.  The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in consultation with the Ministry of Human Resource Development and keeping in view the spirit of National Policy of Education, 1986 has decided to introduce the following education reforms:- There will be no class X Board examination i.e. 2011 for students studying CBSE’s Senior Secondary Schools and who do not wish to move out of the CBSE system after Class X. The students studying in CBSE’s Secondary Schools will, however, be required to appear in Board’s external examination because they will be leaving the Secondary School after Class X. The Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation has been strengthened in all CBSE affiliated schools i.e. October, 2009 in Class IX. The new Grading System has been introduced at Secondary School Level (for Class IX and X) effective from 2009-10 academic sessions. The Right of Children to Free & Compulsory Education Act 2009 has been enacted, which envisages significant reforms in the Elementary Education sector especially with reference to admission, attendance and completion of elementary education by all children in schools which conform to specified norms and standards. Appropriate policy reforms in the higher education sector have also been undertaken, Section 6 of the Central Universities Act, 2009 provides for academic reforms in newly established Central Universities. The reforms are being extended to other Central Educational Institutions also. Exam reform: Why is it needed? Because Indian school board exams are largely inappropriate for the ‘knowledge society’ of the 21st century and its need for innovation problem-solvers. Because they do not serve the needs of social justice. Because the quality of question papers is low. They usually call for rote memorization and fail to test higher-order skills like reasoning and analysis, let alone lateral thinking, creativity, and judgment. Because they are inflexible. Based on a ‘one-size-fits-all’ principle, they make no allowance for different type of learners and learning environments. Because they induce an inordinate level of anxiety and stress. In addition to widespread trauma. Mass media and psychological counselors report a growing number of exam-induced suicides and nervous breakdowns. Because while a number of boards use good practices in pre-exam and exam management there remain several glaring shortfalls at several boards. Because there is often a lack of full disclosure and transparency in grading and mark/grade reporting. Because there is need for a functional and reliable system of school-based evaluation. Conclusion It should be clear from above that the system needs serious re-examining. Whatever changes taking place in the current system are desirable but not worthless. It should be spread over all the corner of the country not only to the metro and developed area. It is acceptable that the process is quite slow but the results are fruitful. We have seen that the advantage of development and innovation is not just limited to the learner but teachers also. So the changes implemented by the  government must be communicated well, If the fruit is hidden in leafs, then it is of no use. New trends in the learning process are too good for the new learners. Moreover, they are entertaining, attractive, expectations of every students, perfect for the one who want to learn, and helpful to the teachers also in holding the attention of students. New reforms in the examination are also one of the areas under the focus of education expansion and innovation. However, there are many critics in the minds of people but they are natural, whenever there is difficulty before the face of one s/he will try to criticize the parent of that problem. We are finding many new ways to reduce those critics by developing many new methods of examine the talent in our new generation. Moreover, that the new reforms in examination have given its contribution in saving strategy also. As the pattern of paper is so simple to solve out and check out too, by that it saves time, energy, and resources also. The concept of online examination is the best innovation in this field. Students can give exams without any long procedure of filling forms and submitting it. S the best example of it. Bibliography * Alan McCluskey Chairperson of EUN’s Policy and Innovation Committee Researcher at Did@ctics, Fribourg University Editor of Connected Magazine * Information was given by the Minister of State for Human Resource Development Smt. D. Purandeswari, in the Rajya Sabha. * (Source: National Council of Education Research and Training, Education Reforms 1.1 p. 1) * References: [1] Ren Changrong. Test mode for computer-related curriculum reform of [J]. Fujian computer, 2008 (2:186-187). [2] Jiang major Contemporary German vocational education and teaching the mainstream thinking of [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2007. [3] Jiang major. New Theory of Vocational Education research [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2007. [4] Xiao Kun, Luo Yongwu. Employment-oriented â€Å"recursive method† to build the vocational curriculum [J]. Vocational Education Forum, 2005 (18:29-30. [5] Connor. Vocational education feasibility test mode countermeasures [J]. Modern-commerce industry, 2009 (3:203-204.